Author
Dr. Ridhima Bindlish<br />

Dr. Niharika Garach

Breast & Gynaec Cancer Surgeon
MBBS, MS, MCh 

Endometrial Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Endometrial Cancer

Your health is invaluable as a woman, and understanding the potential risks and complications you may face is crucial. One such concern is endometrial cancer, which affects the inner lining of the uterus. 

This comprehensive guide will provide you with a thorough understanding of endometrial cancer, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures.

By equipping you with this knowledge, we aim to empower you to prioritize your health and take proactive steps towards prevention, early detection, and effective management of endometrial cancer.

Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer

Listening to your body is essential in recognising potential signs of endometrial cancer. While symptoms may vary from person to person. Some of the most prevalent symptoms include:

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding:  Watch out for bleeding or spotting between periods or bleeding after attaining menopause.

  • Pelvic pain: Persistent pain in the pelvic region, lower abdomen, or back can cause concern.

  • Abnormal discharge: Notice any unusual discharge that may be tinged with blood or foul odor.

  • Difficulty urinating or bowel changes: Pay attention to any changes in urination patterns or bowel movements that seem out of the ordinary.

  • Unexplained weight loss: If you experience unexplained weight loss along with other symptoms, it’s essential to consult an oncologist.

Remember, these symptoms can also be attributed to other conditions, but if you experience any persistent or concerning signs, it is vital to contact an endometrial cancer surgeon in Mumbai for evaluation.

Causes and Risk Factors of  Endometrial Cancer

Understanding endometrial cancer’s causes and risk factors can shed light on its development. While the exact cause remains unclear, several factors may contribute to an increased risk:

  • Hormonal imbalances: Excess estrogen and a deficiency of progesterone in the body can disrupt the normal functioning of the endometrium and increase the risk of cancer.

  • Age and menopause: The risk of endometrial cancer significantly increases with age, particularly after menopause.

  • Obesity: Being overweight or obese can lead to higher levels of estrogen and insulin, which can contribute to the development of endometrial cancer.

  • Family history and genetic mutations: If you have a family history of endometrial or certain other types of cancers, or if you carry specific genetic mutations like Lynch syndrome, your risk may be elevated.

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS, a hormonal disorder, may have a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer due to hormonal imbalances and irregular menstrual cycles.

While these factors can increase the likelihood of developing endometrial cancer, it’s important to remember that anyone, regardless of their risk profile, can be affected. Regular check-ups and health screenings are essential for early detection and prompt management.

Diagnosis and Staging: Seeking Early Detection for Improved Outcomes

Receiving an early diagnosis is critical to successfully managing endometrial cancer. When you consult  an oncologist, they will employ several diagnostic methods to evaluate your condition:

  • Medical history and physical examination:  an oncologist will discuss your symptoms and medical history and perform a physical examination to assess any abnormalities.

  • Transvaginal ultrasound: ultrasound is done vaginally, which helps visualize the uterus and ovaries more accurately.

  • Endometrial biopsy: In this procedure, a small sample of the endometrial tissue is collected and examined under a microscope to check for cancerous cells. This can be done on an OPD basis or inside an OT.

  • Imaging tests: Advanced imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) may be recommended to determine the extent and staging of the cancer.

Staging is an essential aspect of the diagnostic process as it helps an oncologist determine the size of the tumour, its involvement in nearby tissues, and the potential spread to other body parts.

The commonly used staging system for endometrial cancer is the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) system, ranging from stage I to IV.

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Treatment Options For Endometrial Cancer

The treatment of endometrial cancer depends on various factors, such as the disease’s stage, the tumour’s grade, and individual patient characteristics. Here are some standard treatment options:

  • Surgery: Surgery is often the primary treatment for endometrial cancer. The extent of surgery varies depending on the stage and grade of the tumour. It may involve a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), along with the removal of nearby lymph nodes and other affected tissues. In some cases, minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery may be used.

  • Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation) or internally using radioactive implants (brachytherapy). Radiation therapy may be recommended after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or as the primary treatment for advanced stages of endometrial cancer.

  • Chemotherapy involves using powerful drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It may be used before surgery to shrink tumors, after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence, or as the primary treatment for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. Chemotherapy can be administered orally or intravenously.

  • Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy targets the hormones (estrogen and progesterone) that can stimulate the growth of endometrial cancer cells. It may involve medications that block estrogen receptors (selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors) or progestins (synthetic progesterone) to inhibit tumour growth.

  • Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy is a newer approach that focuses on specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. For some cases of endometrial cancer, targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors may be combined with other treatments.

The choice of treatment depends on individual factors such as the stage and grade of the tumour, overall health, and patient preferences. It is essential to have a thorough discussion with an oncologist to understand the potential benefits, risks, and side effects of each treatment option.

Prevention and Risk Reduction

While it may not be possible to prevent all cases of endometrial cancer, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

  • Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is a significant risk factor for endometrial cancer, as it can lead to hormonal imbalances. Aim for a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.

  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): If you are considering hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms, discuss the potential risks and benefits with an oncologist. Estrogen-only HRT increases the risk of endometrial cancer, but combined estrogen and progesterone therapy may be safer.

  • Birth Control Pills: Oral contraceptives have been found to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Talk to an oncologist about birth control pills’ potential benefits and risks.

  • Regular Exercise: Regular physical activity can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

  • Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit your intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and red meat.

  • Regular Check-ups: Attend routine gynecological check-ups and screenings. Early detection can lead to more effective treatment outcomes.

  • Genetic Counseling and Testing: If you have a family history of endometrial or other related cancers, consider genetic counseling and testing to assess your risk and take appropriate preventive measures.

Regular screenings and early detection remain crucial for managing endometrial cancer effectively.

Also, Read- Survival Rates for Endometrial Cancer

Conclusion

Understanding endometrial cancer is the first step towards taking control of your health. You can make informed decisions and seek timely medical intervention by being aware of the symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and preventive measures. 

Remember, each individual’s journey with endometrial cancer is unique, and working closely with an oncologist to develop a personalized treatment plan is essential.

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